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welcome to the most interesting time in history fulfilling the dreams and deep wishes of humanity starshot breakthrough initiative for laser pushed interstellar nanocraft posted on may 14, 2016 | add comment | http://nextbigfuture.com/2016/05/starshot-breakthrough-initiative-for.html breakthrough starshot aims to demonstrate proof of concept for ultra-fast light-driven nanocrafts, and lay the foundations for a first launch to alpha centauri within the next generation. along the way, the project could generate important supplementary benefits to astronomy, including solar system exploration and detection of earth-crossing asteroids. breakthrough starshot is a $100 million research and engineering program aiming to demonstrate proof of concept for light-propelled nanocrafts. these could fly at 20 percent of light speed and capture images of possible planets and other scientific data in our nearest star system, alpha centauri, just over 20 years after their launch. nextbigfuture covered the project last month when it was announced. here is more information from the breakthrough initiative website. since 2010, draper and cornell university have collaborated on research into spacecraft that could be reduced to the size of a postage stamp and dubbed “chipsats.” while chipsats are small and inexpensive to launch, they face challenges far different from those of larger spacecraft and require a completely different approach to space missions. due to their tiny size, chipsats experience disturbances in space in a different manner from large spacecraft. much like a dinghy is greatly affected by waves that cannot move an oil tanker, the importance of small environmental forces, such as solar radiation pressure and aerodynamic drag, is magnified for chipsats. this represents a challenge for completing the journey to alpha centauri and pointing precisely to send data back to earth. but it is also an opportunity for developing new guidance and control approaches that take advantage of the environment. draper is addressing these issues as it develops chipsats for a proposed mission to explore europa, with funding from nasa’s innovative advanced concepts (niac) branch. “traditional spacecraft mission architectures minimize risk while maximizing redundancy,” said brett streetman, who leads draper’s chipsat work. “the small size and low cost of chipsats offer an opportunity to accept far more risk, as you only need a small percentage of them to survive the mission, so you can pack critical space exploration capabilities into a tiny package.” the europa mission uses a cubesat that could scan the jovian moon to detect areas that may have the thinnest ice and then send hundreds of chipsats to look for signs of life below the surface. draper is applying expertise in areas including spacecraft mission design, micropackaging, and transitioning university research into operational prototypes as it develops chipsats. field tests of workable prototypes could begin as early as 2019, potentially helping pave the way for the systems that could be used in the alpha centauri concept decades later. nanocraft interstellar concept the nanocraft concept, combining light beamer, lightsail and starchip, is by far the most plausible system for launching a realistic mission to alpha centauri within a generation. the key elements of the proposed system design are based on technology either already available or likely to be attainable in the near future under reasonable assumptions. gram-scale starchip components | 4 photon thrusters sub-gram scale 1 watt diode lasers are currently widely available at very low costs. the manufacturing trend has seen power double for the same mass every two years. it is anticipated this trend will continue for these devices for some time. kicksat was a small-satellite (femtosatellite) project inaugurated in early october, 2011, to launch a large number of very small satellites from a 3u cubesat. the satellites have been characterized as being the size of a large postage stamp. and also as “cracker size”. the mission launch was originally scheduled for late 2013 and was launched april 18, 2014. kicksat reached its orbit and transmitted beacon signals that were received by radio amateurs, telemetry data allowed the prediction of the orbit and the reentry on 15 may 2014 at about 01:30 utc. due to a clock reset, however, the femtosatellites were not deployed but burned up inside the kicksat mothership. gram-scale starchip components | 4 cameras sub-gram-scale 2 megapixel cameras are currently widely available at very low costs. the trend has been a doubling of pixels for the same mass every two years. arxiv – robustness of planar fourier capture arrays to color changes and lost pixels gram-scale starchip components | 4 processors sub-gram scale microprocessors are currently widely available at very low costs. the trend has been a doubling of processor count for the same mass every two years. it is anticipated that these devices will continue this trend for some time gram-scale starchip components | battery battery design is one of the most challenging aspects of the mission. currently under consideration for the energy source onboard are plutonium-238, which is in common use, or americium-241. 150mg has been allocated for the mass of the battery. this includes the mass of the radioisotope and the ultra-capacitor. gram-scale starchip components | protective coating a protective coating is required for the dust collisions and the erosions caused by atomic particles in the interstellar medium. lightsail | integrity under thrust to inform the study, a beamer in the 100 gigawatt class was considered. if, for example, 10^-5 of the energy is absorbed by a 4 meter by 4 meter sail, it will be heated by about 60kw per square meter, which is roughly 60 times more than sunlight illumination on earth. this will heat the material but not melt it. using fully dielectric sails, we can reduce the absorption to less than 10-9 for optimized materials. two possible approaches to mitigate the heating challenge have been identified: 1. high reflectivity 2. low absorption physical review b – perfect dielectric-metamaterial reflector lightsail | structure building a skeleton structure that will be able to hold the sail in shape during launch, be resilient to the interaction with the interstellar medium and potentially be able to modify the shape of the sail, is a major challenge given the gram-scale mass constraint. lightsail | stability on the beam beam shape and lightsail structure should be optimized for stability during the launch phase. in this period, on the order of 10 minutes, an illumination energy of order 1tj is delivered to the sail. light beamer | cost the estimated cost of the laser array is based on extrapolation from the past two decades, and the prospects of mass production to reduce the associated cost. light beamer | phase in order to test the feasibility of the system, the case of a meter-scale sail was examined. for example, to focus the light beam on a 4 meter x 4 meter sail across an acceleration distance of 2 million kilometers requires a focusing angle of 2 nano-radians (0.4 milliarcseconds), which is the diffraction limit for a kilometer-scale light beamer operating at a wavelength of 1 micron. light beamer | atmosphere the atmosphere introduces two effects: absorption (or ‘reduction of transmission from unity’), and loss of beam quality (or ‘blurring of the beam spot’). the transmission of the atmosphere at a wavelength of 1 micron is extremely good, exceeding 90% at high altitude ground-based sites. launch site | power generation and storage power generation and storage at the launch site is challenge. developing a site with adequate infrastructure to generate the energy at a high altitude site is difficult. launch | precision pointing for a meter-scale lightsail the light beamer must focus a spot smaller than the sail onto the sail, as it orbits 60,000km ab
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